Plants are likely to be phosphorus (P)-limited because of low availability of P to roots or mycorrhizae due to slow diffusion and high sorption in soils.  Phosphorus sub-cycles (inorganic versus organic) also tend to vary predictably over gradients (Fig. 1A,B).  Plant responses to mycorrhizal fungi also vary by plant species and grassland type (Reinhart et al. 2017). Mycorrhizae can scavenge nutrients (i.e. orthophosphate, organic-P); however, if they cannot solubilize calcium bound P, then geochemical gradients may constrain plant-mycorrhizal interactions (Fig. 1C).

Calcareous soils are found in >30% of soils and are common in arid, semiarid, and semi-humid systems (e.g. grasslands, shrublands). We used geochemical and biogeochemical experiments to test hypotheses on P limitation and acquisition (Lajtha and Schlesinger 1988). Hypothesis: an increase in soil calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) will 1) reduce soil P bioavailability (geochemical exp.), 2) reduce plant biomass and phosphorus uptake (biogeochemical exp.), and 3) shift P acquisition strategies (i.e. root mining, mycorrhizal scavenging) (biogeochemical exp., Fig. 1C).

Experiments had a replacement series (CaCO₃ to silica sand) geochemical treatment (CaCO₃ additions: 0, 0.02, 0.10, and 0.30 [g × 100 g^-1]) to simulate soil properties over natural grassland gradients. The biogeochemistry experiment was a completely randomized design with the geochemical and mycorrhizal fungi treatments (+, -) (4 × 2 factorial), 8 plant species, and 8 replications.  Geochemical exp.’s response variables were soil extractable nutrients and pH. Biogeochemistry exp.’s response variables were nutrient uptake and plant performance.

The geochemical experiment confirmed that increasing CaCO₃ increased pH_water of subsurface soil (7.6 to 8.5), reduced the intensity of available P (assessed by anion exchange membranes) in treated soils by as much as 57%, and had no obvious effect on accessible P (Olsen-P). In other words, metaphorical cups of P (with straws) had similar amounts of accessible P per cup; however, additions of CaCO₃ effectively reduced the straws’ diameter and limited (re-)supply of available P.

On average, large additions of CaCO₃ reduced plant biomass by 20% and plant uptake of P by 15% for the biogeochemistry experiment. On average, mycorrhizal fungi increased plant biomass by 6%.  Rarely did mycorrhizal fungi and geochemical treatments interact and affect plant biomass. When they did interact, mycorrhizae benefited plants in pots with greater levels of P intensity (i.e. no or little added CaCO₃) thereby suggesting mycorrhizae may not help to solubilize calcium bound P.

These findings confirm CaCO₃ in subsoils reduced the intensity of bioavailable P, which consequently decreased plant biomass and P uptake. However, we cannot rule out that CaCO₃ additions may have additionally impacted plants response due to changes in micronutrient solubility (i.e. zinc), etc. (Lajtha and Schlesinger 1988). While plants tended to benefit from mycorrhizae, we found no evidence to support a prediction of the nutritional mutualisms hypothesis—that benefits are greatest under P-limitation. On the contrary, our data suggest that plants will rely more on root mining P acquisition strategies than mycorrhizal scavenging (Albornoz et al. 2020) where the inorganic-P sub-cycle dominates and P solubility is limited due to calcium-phosphate formation (Fig. 1C).

mycorrhizal dependency, plant-mycorrhizal interactions

Kurt Reinhart

ISEB-ISSM 2023