ARPHA Conference Abstracts :
Conference Abstract
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Corresponding author: Hannah Renee Rigoni (hrigoni@vols.utk.edu)
Received: 06 Jul 2023 | Published: 17 Oct 2023
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
Citation:
Rigoni HR, Bilandžija H, Summers Engel A (2023) Chemolithoautotrophic Organic Matter Contributions to Subterranean Food Webs Dominated by Filter-feeders. ARPHA Conference Abstracts 6: e109094. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.6.e109094
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Introduction
Most groundwater and cave ecosystems depend on an influx of allochthonous, surface-derived organic matter sourced by diffuse flow through overlying rock and soil or by localized flow from the surface into sinkholes or entrances. The amount of organic matter entering the subsurface is usually low, resulting in oligotrophic conditions and food scarcity that affect community members' dispersal and colonization patterns. In situ, chemolithoautotrophically-produced organic matter has the potential to supplement organic matter pools in the subsurface, especially if the surface and subsurface are hydrologically disconnected. Chemolithoautotrophic contributions are less understood for most groundwater and cave ecosystems, especially from ecosystems dominated by sessile filter-feeders that cannot easily move to search for food. Our study focuses on uncovering the microbiology and organic matter contributions in Croatian Dinaric Karst caves, specifically in the Neretva and Lika River basins, that contain the only subterranean serpulid tube worm, Marifugia cavatica, the only known cave-adapted freshwater bivalves, Congeria kusceri and Congeria jalzici, and stygobitic and stygophilic sponges, Eunapius subterraneus and Ephydatia fluviatilis, respectively.
Methods
We collected surface water, invertebrates, and representative examples of surface organic matter, as well as subsurface water, stygobionts, biofilms, and sediments from Pukotina u Tunelu Polje Jezero in the Neretva River basin and Markov Ponor and Susik Ponor in the Lika River basin. To evaluate microbial communities, 16S rRNA genes were sequenced, analyzed using mothur to obtain operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 99% sequence similarity, and classified with the SILVA v138.1 reference database. We used the program FAPROTAX and recently published literature to identify putative metabolisms for OTUs, focusing on identifying chemolithoautotrophic functions. We measured stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope compositions to assess potential food sources for the stygobionts from surface and subsurface materials.
We compared microbial community diversity among caves and sample types using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix of rarefied presence/absence data. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) on the dissimilarity matrix was used to compare sample type and cave. Welch's t-test was used to compare differences in isotopic composition between surface and caves, and Kruskal-Wallis was used to compare differences among caves. Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations were employed using mixSIAR v3.1.12, with a chain length of 100000, to calculate the contribution of food sources using a diet tissue discrimination factor of δ13C=1.2±0.39‰ and δ15N=4±0.18‰. All analyses were performed in R using vegan (v. 2.6.4) and stats (v. 4.2) packages.
Results and Discussion
Microbial community composition varied significantly among sample types in each cave (ANOSIM; R=0.74, p<0.005) but weakly among caves and the surface (ANOSIM; R=0.19, p=0.019, Fig.
(A) NMDS plot (stress=0.12) constructed using a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix of microbial communities colored by sample type. Shapes represent different caves. (B) A heatmap of relative abundance of microbial orders with > 1% abundance in at least two samples. Colored bars along rows indicate putative metabolic function. (C) Calculated mixing model contributions for various food sources for stygobionts in percentages, including chemolithoautotrophy.
We hypothesized that isotopic compositions of filter-feeding stygobiont tissues would point to diets that relied on chemolithoautotrophic carbon. δ13C values for dissolved organic carbon in the caves were statistically similar to those of surface water, at -23.9±1.7‰ (n=9), as was dissolved inorganic carbon, at -6.4±2.9‰ (n=8). δ15N values from the cave water ranged from 4.7‰ to 13.9‰, whereas δ15N values from the surface was 9.6‰. Cave biofilm δ13C and δ15N values ranged, respectively, from -29.8‰ to -27.2‰ (average -28.6‰, n=22) and 3.0‰ to 8.2‰ (average 5.8‰, n=20). In contrast, photosynthetic organic matter from the surface ranged from δ13C of -45.7‰ to -17.0‰ and δ15N from 2.4‰ to 6.9‰. Surface invertebrates ranged from δ13C of -32.7‰ to -19.0‰ and δ15N of 1.1‰ to 7.5‰. M. cavatica tissues from the two river basins did not vary significantly, ranging from δ13C of -32‰ to -33‰, but δ15N varied significantly (Welch's t-test p<0.005). The isotopic compositions of Congeria spp. and the sponges varied significantly between the two river basins.
Different chemolithoautotrophic pathways have the potential to discriminate against 13C by up to 35‰ or more and 15N from 0‰ to 18‰. Contributions from such fractionation values were evident in biofilm and stygobiont δ13C values compared to surface organic matter δ13C values. Preliminary mixing model results suggest that allochthonous organic matter contributed to most of the stygobionts' diet, likely due to high flow and input rates during the rainy season prior to collection. However, chemolithoautotrophically-produced organic matter could contribute up to 10% of some stygobiont diets, depending on the stygobiont and cave system (Fig.
stable isotopes, Croatia, Dinaric Karst, resource supply, trophic interactions, microbial, groundwater
Hannah Renee Rigoni
2nd Joint Symposium of the International Societies for Environmental Biogeochemistry & Subsurface Microbiology
Funding was provided by the Donald H. and Florence Jones Endowment at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville. We thank Anthony Faia, Anna Szynkiewicz, and Thomas Maddox for assistance in measuring the stable isotope compositions from samples, and Branko Jalžić for help collecting the samples. The fieldwork and sample collection was done with the Republic of Croatia, Ministry of Environment and Energy collection permit, KLASA: UP/I-612-07/20-48/83; URBROJ: 517-05-1-1-20-5.